fix(usage): apply code review fixes - SSE passthrough type, per-chart errors, Select component

src/ipc/database/schema.ts

@@ -37,4 +37,5 @@ export const tokenUsage = sqliteTable('token_usage', {
   totalTokens: integer('total_tokens').notNull().default(0),
   timestamp: integer('timestamp').notNull(),
   requestType: text('request_type'),
+  isEstimated: integer('is_estimated'),
 });

src/ipc/database/usageHandler.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ export interface RecordUsageParams {
   totalTokens: number;
   timestamp: number;
   requestType?: string;
+  isEstimated?: boolean;
 }
 
 let usageDbConnection: { raw: Database.Database; orm: BetterSQLite3Database<typeof import('./schema')> } | null = null;
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ export class TokenUsageRepo {
           totalTokens: params.totalTokens,
           timestamp: params.timestamp,
           requestType: params.requestType ?? null,
+          isEstimated: params.isEstimated ? 1 : null,
         })
         .run();
       return true;

src/localization/i18n.ts

@@ -510,6 +510,7 @@ i18n
             loadFailed: 'Failed to load usage data.',
             retry: 'Retry',
             allAccounts: 'All Accounts',
+            noData: 'No data available',
           },
         },
       },
@@ -1003,6 +1004,7 @@ i18n
             loadFailed: '加载用量数据失败。',
             retry: '重试',
             allAccounts: '所有账号',
+            noData: '暂无数据',
           },
         },
       },
@@ -1502,6 +1504,7 @@ i18n
             loadFailed: 'Не удалось загрузить данные об использовании.',
             retry: 'Повторить',
             allAccounts: 'Все аккаунты',
+            noData: 'Нет данных',
           },
         },
       },

src/localization/vi.ts

@@ -489,6 +489,7 @@ const vi = {
     loadFailed: 'Không thể tải dữ liệu sử dụng.',
     retry: 'Thử lại',
     allAccounts: 'Tất cả tài khoản',
+    noData: 'Không có dữ liệu',
   },
 };
 

src/routes/usage.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@ import { createFileRoute } from '@tanstack/react-router';
 import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
 import { Tabs, TabsList, TabsTrigger } from '@/components/ui/tabs';
+import {
+  Select,
+  SelectContent,
+  SelectItem,
+  SelectTrigger,
+  SelectValue,
+} from '@/components/ui/select';
 import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
 import { Loader2, TrendingUp, TrendingDown, Activity, Layers } from 'lucide-react';
 import { ipc } from '@/ipc/manager';
@@ -27,7 +34,7 @@ function UsagePage() {
   const { t } = useTranslation();
   const [range, setRange] = useState<'24h' | '7d' | '30d'>('7d');
   const [selectedAccountId, setSelectedAccountId] = useState<string | undefined>(undefined);
-  const { data: accounts } = useCloudAccounts();
+  const { data: accounts, isLoading: accountsLoading } = useCloudAccounts();
 
   function getTimeRange(r: '24h' | '7d' | '30d') {
     const now = Date.now();
@@ -52,6 +59,8 @@ function UsagePage() {
       return ipc.client.usage.getUsageByDay({ accountId: selectedAccountId, start, end });
     },
     refetchInterval: 30000,
+    refetchIntervalInBackground: false,
+    staleTime: 60_000,
   });
 
   const {
@@ -66,6 +75,8 @@ function UsagePage() {
       return ipc.client.usage.getUsageByModel({ accountId: selectedAccountId, start, end });
     },
     refetchInterval: 30000,
+    refetchIntervalInBackground: false,
+    staleTime: 60_000,
   });
 
   const {
@@ -80,10 +91,11 @@ function UsagePage() {
       return ipc.client.usage.getUsageByHour({ accountId: selectedAccountId, start, end });
     },
     refetchInterval: 30000,
+    refetchIntervalInBackground: false,
+    staleTime: 60_000,
   });
 
-  const isLoading = dailyLoading || modelLoading || hourlyLoading;
-  const anyError = dailyError || modelError || hourlyError;
+  const isAllLoading = dailyLoading && modelLoading && hourlyLoading;
 
   const totals = useMemo(() => {
     const source = dailyData || [];
@@ -123,7 +135,7 @@ function UsagePage() {
     }));
   }, [hourlyData]);
 
-  if (isLoading) {
+  if (isAllLoading) {
     return (
       <div className="flex h-full items-center justify-center">
         <Loader2 className="animate-spin" />
@@ -131,23 +143,65 @@ function UsagePage() {
     );
   }
 
-  if (anyError) {
-    return (
-      <div className="flex h-full flex-col items-center justify-center gap-4">
-        <p className="text-destructive">{t('usage.loadFailed')}</p>
+  const dailyPlaceholder = dailyError ? (
+    <Card>
+      <CardContent className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 py-12">
+        <p className="text-sm text-destructive">{t('usage.loadFailed')}</p>
         <button
-          onClick={() => {
-            refetchDaily();
-            refetchModel();
-            refetchHourly();
-          }}
-          className="text-primary underline"
+          onClick={() => refetchDaily()}
+          className="text-primary text-sm underline"
         >
           {t('usage.retry')}
         </button>
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  ) : !dailyData ? (
+    <Card>
+      <CardContent className="flex items-center justify-center py-12">
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">{t('usage.noData')}</p>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  ) : null;
+
+  const modelPlaceholder = modelError ? (
+    <Card>
+      <CardContent className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 py-12">
+        <p className="text-sm text-destructive">{t('usage.loadFailed')}</p>
+        <button
+          onClick={() => refetchModel()}
+          className="text-primary text-sm underline"
+        >
+          {t('usage.retry')}
+        </button>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  ) : !modelData ? (
+    <Card>
+      <CardContent className="flex items-center justify-center py-12">
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">{t('usage.noData')}</p>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  ) : null;
+
+  const hourlyPlaceholder = hourlyError ? (
+    <Card>
+      <CardContent className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 py-12">
+        <p className="text-sm text-destructive">{t('usage.loadFailed')}</p>
+        <button
+          onClick={() => refetchHourly()}
+          className="text-primary text-sm underline"
+        >
+          {t('usage.retry')}
+        </button>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  ) : !hourlyData ? (
+    <Card>
+      <CardContent className="flex items-center justify-center py-12">
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">{t('usage.noData')}</p>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  ) : null;
 
   return (
     <div className="container mx-auto max-w-6xl space-y-6 p-6">
@@ -157,18 +211,30 @@ function UsagePage() {
           <p className="text-muted-foreground mt-1">{t('usage.description')}</p>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-4">
-          <select
+          <Select
             value={selectedAccountId || ''}
-            onChange={(e) => setSelectedAccountId(e.target.value || undefined)}
-            className="border rounded px-2 py-1"
+            onValueChange={(value) => setSelectedAccountId(value || undefined)}
+            disabled={accountsLoading}
           >
-            <option value="">{t('usage.allAccounts')}</option>
-            {accounts?.map((acc) => (
-              <option key={acc.id} value={acc.id}>
-                {acc.email}
-              </option>
-            ))}
-          </select>
+            <SelectTrigger className="w-[200px]">
+              {accountsLoading ? (
+                <span className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                  <Loader2 className="h-4 w-4 animate-spin" />
+                  {t('common.loading')}
+                </span>
+              ) : (
+                <SelectValue placeholder={t('usage.allAccounts')} />
+              )}
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              <SelectItem value="">{t('usage.allAccounts')}</SelectItem>
+              {accounts?.map((acc) => (
+                <SelectItem key={acc.id} value={acc.id}>
+                  {acc.email}
+                </SelectItem>
+              ))}
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
           <Tabs value={range} onValueChange={(v) => setRange(v as '24h' | '7d' | '30d')}>
             <TabsList>
               <TabsTrigger value="24h">{t('usage.range24h')}</TabsTrigger>
@@ -180,118 +246,126 @@ function UsagePage() {
       </div>
 
       {/* Summary Cards */}
-      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-4">
-        <Card>
-          <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
-            <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.totalTokens')}</CardTitle>
-            <Activity className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
-          </CardHeader>
-          <CardContent>
-            <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.totalTokens.toLocaleString()}</div>
-          </CardContent>
-        </Card>
+      {dailyPlaceholder || (
+        <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-4">
+          <Card>
+            <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
+              <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.totalTokens')}</CardTitle>
+              <Activity className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
+            </CardHeader>
+            <CardContent>
+              <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.totalTokens.toLocaleString()}</div>
+            </CardContent>
+          </Card>
 
-        <Card>
-          <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
-            <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.promptTokens')}</CardTitle>
-            <TrendingUp className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
-          </CardHeader>
-          <CardContent>
-            <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.promptTokens.toLocaleString()}</div>
-          </CardContent>
-        </Card>
+          <Card>
+            <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
+              <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.promptTokens')}</CardTitle>
+              <TrendingUp className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
+            </CardHeader>
+            <CardContent>
+              <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.promptTokens.toLocaleString()}</div>
+            </CardContent>
+          </Card>
 
-        <Card>
-          <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
-            <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.completionTokens')}</CardTitle>
-            <TrendingDown className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
-          </CardHeader>
-          <CardContent>
-            <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.completionTokens.toLocaleString()}</div>
-          </CardContent>
-        </Card>
+          <Card>
+            <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
+              <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.completionTokens')}</CardTitle>
+              <TrendingDown className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
+            </CardHeader>
+            <CardContent>
+              <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.completionTokens.toLocaleString()}</div>
+            </CardContent>
+          </Card>
 
-        <Card>
-          <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
-            <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.totalRequests')}</CardTitle>
-            <Layers className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
-          </CardHeader>
-          <CardContent>
-            <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.requests.toLocaleString()}</div>
-          </CardContent>
-        </Card>
-      </div>
+          <Card>
+            <CardHeader className="flex flex-row items-center justify-between pb-2">
+              <CardTitle className="text-sm font-medium">{t('usage.totalRequests')}</CardTitle>
+              <Layers className="text-muted-foreground h-4 w-4" />
+            </CardHeader>
+            <CardContent>
+              <div className="text-2xl font-bold">{totals.requests.toLocaleString()}</div>
+            </CardContent>
+          </Card>
+        </div>
+      )}
 
       {/* Charts */}
       <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-6 lg:grid-cols-2">
-        <Card>
-          <CardHeader>
-            <CardTitle>{t('usage.dailyUsage')}</CardTitle>
-          </CardHeader>
-          <CardContent>
-            <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={300}>
-              <BarChart data={chartData}>
-                <CartesianGrid strokeDasharray="3 3" />
-                <XAxis dataKey="name" />
-                <YAxis />
-                <Tooltip />
-                <Legend />
-                <Bar dataKey="Prompt" fill="#3b82f6" />
-                <Bar dataKey="Completion" fill="#10b981" />
-              </BarChart>
-            </ResponsiveContainer>
-          </CardContent>
-        </Card>
+        {dailyPlaceholder || (
+          <Card>
+            <CardHeader>
+              <CardTitle>{t('usage.dailyUsage')}</CardTitle>
+            </CardHeader>
+            <CardContent>
+              <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={300}>
+                <BarChart data={chartData}>
+                  <CartesianGrid strokeDasharray="3 3" />
+                  <XAxis dataKey="name" />
+                  <YAxis />
+                  <Tooltip />
+                  <Legend />
+                  <Bar dataKey="Prompt" fill="#3b82f6" />
+                  <Bar dataKey="Completion" fill="#10b981" />
+                </BarChart>
+              </ResponsiveContainer>
+            </CardContent>
+          </Card>
+        )}
 
-        <Card>
-          <CardHeader>
-            <CardTitle>{t('usage.byModel')}</CardTitle>
-          </CardHeader>
-          <CardContent>
-            <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={300}>
-              <PieChart>
-                <Pie
-                  data={pieData}
-                  cx="50%"
-                  cy="50%"
-                  innerRadius={60}
-                  outerRadius={100}
-                  paddingAngle={5}
-                  dataKey="value"
-                  label
-                >
-                  {pieData.map((_, index) => (
-                    <Cell key={`cell-${index}`} fill={COLORS[index % COLORS.length]} />
-                  ))}
-                </Pie>
-                <Tooltip />
-                <Legend />
-              </PieChart>
-            </ResponsiveContainer>
-          </CardContent>
-        </Card>
+        {modelPlaceholder || (
+          <Card>
+            <CardHeader>
+              <CardTitle>{t('usage.byModel')}</CardTitle>
+            </CardHeader>
+            <CardContent>
+              <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={300}>
+                <PieChart>
+                  <Pie
+                    data={pieData}
+                    cx="50%"
+                    cy="50%"
+                    innerRadius={60}
+                    outerRadius={100}
+                    paddingAngle={5}
+                    dataKey="value"
+                    label
+                  >
+                    {pieData.map((_, index) => (
+                      <Cell key={`cell-${index}`} fill={COLORS[index % COLORS.length]} />
+                    ))}
+                  </Pie>
+                  <Tooltip />
+                  <Legend />
+                </PieChart>
+              </ResponsiveContainer>
+            </CardContent>
+          </Card>
+        )}
       </div>
 
       {range === '24h' && (
-        <Card>
-          <CardHeader>
-            <CardTitle>{t('usage.hourlyUsage')}</CardTitle>
-          </CardHeader>
-          <CardContent>
-            <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={300}>
-              <BarChart data={hourlyChartData}>
-                <CartesianGrid strokeDasharray="3 3" />
-                <XAxis dataKey="name" />
-                <YAxis />
-                <Tooltip />
-                <Legend />
-                <Bar dataKey="Prompt" fill="#3b82f6" />
-                <Bar dataKey="Completion" fill="#10b981" />
-                <Bar dataKey="Total" fill="#8b5cf6" />
-              </BarChart>
-            </ResponsiveContainer>
-          </CardContent>
-        </Card>
+        hourlyPlaceholder || (
+          <Card>
+            <CardHeader>
+              <CardTitle>{t('usage.hourlyUsage')}</CardTitle>
+            </CardHeader>
+            <CardContent>
+              <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={300}>
+                <BarChart data={hourlyChartData}>
+                  <CartesianGrid strokeDasharray="3 3" />
+                  <XAxis dataKey="name" />
+                  <YAxis />
+                  <Tooltip />
+                  <Legend />
+                  <Bar dataKey="Prompt" fill="#3b82f6" />
+                  <Bar dataKey="Completion" fill="#10b981" />
+                  <Bar dataKey="Total" fill="#8b5cf6" />
+                </BarChart>
+              </ResponsiveContainer>
+            </CardContent>
+          </Card>
+        )
       )}
     </div>
   );

src/server/modules/proxy/proxy.service.ts

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
     model: string,
     usage: { promptTokenCount?: number; candidatesTokenCount?: number; totalTokenCount?: number } | undefined | null,
     requestType: string,
+    isEstimated?: boolean,
   ): Promise<void> {
     if (!usage) {
       return;
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
       totalTokens: usage.totalTokenCount ?? 0,
       timestamp: Date.now(),
       requestType,
+      isEstimated,
     });
   }
 
@@ -75,6 +77,18 @@ export class ProxyService {
     }
   }
 
+  private extractUsageFromMetadata(
+    meta: unknown,
+  ): { promptTokenCount?: number; candidatesTokenCount?: number; totalTokenCount?: number } | undefined {
+    if (!meta || typeof meta !== 'object') return undefined;
+    const m = meta as Record<string, unknown>;
+    return {
+      promptTokenCount: typeof m.promptTokenCount === 'number' ? m.promptTokenCount : undefined,
+      candidatesTokenCount: typeof m.candidatesTokenCount === 'number' ? m.candidatesTokenCount : undefined,
+      totalTokenCount: typeof m.totalTokenCount === 'number' ? m.totalTokenCount : undefined,
+    };
+  }
+
   // --- Anthropic Handlers ---
 
   async handleAnthropicMessages(
@@ -140,7 +154,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
             token.token.upstream_proxy_url,
             extraHeaders,
           );
-          await this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'anthropic');
+          this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'anthropic');
           return this.toAnthropicChatResponse(transformResponse(response));
         }
       } catch (error) {
@@ -172,7 +186,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
                 token.token.upstream_proxy_url,
                 extraHeaders,
               );
-              await this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'anthropic');
+              this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'anthropic');
               return this.toAnthropicChatResponse(transformResponse(response));
             }
           } catch (fallbackErr) {
@@ -211,7 +225,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
                 token.token.upstream_proxy_url,
                 extraHeaders,
               );
-              await this.recordUsage(token.id, 'gemini-3-flash', response.usageMetadata, 'anthropic');
+              this.recordUsage(token.id, 'gemini-3-flash', response.usageMetadata, 'anthropic');
               const transformed = this.toAnthropicChatResponse(transformResponse(response));
               return {
                 ...transformed,
@@ -241,16 +255,6 @@ export class ProxyService {
     _model: string,
     accountId: string,
   ): Observable<string> {
-    function extractUsageFromMetadata(meta: unknown): { promptTokenCount?: number; candidatesTokenCount?: number; totalTokenCount?: number } | undefined {
-      if (!meta || typeof meta !== 'object') return undefined;
-      const m = meta as Record<string, unknown>;
-      return {
-        promptTokenCount: typeof m.promptTokenCount === 'number' ? m.promptTokenCount : undefined,
-        candidatesTokenCount: typeof m.candidatesTokenCount === 'number' ? m.candidatesTokenCount : undefined,
-        totalTokenCount: typeof m.totalTokenCount === 'number' ? m.totalTokenCount : undefined,
-      };
-    }
-
     return new Observable<string>((subscriber) => {
       const decoder = new TextDecoder();
       let buffer = '';
@@ -260,6 +264,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
 
       let lastFinishReason: string | undefined;
       let lastUsageMetadata: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+      let accumulatedText = '';
 
       let receivedData = false;
 
@@ -296,6 +301,9 @@ export class ProxyService {
             if (this.isGeminiPart(part)) {
               const chunks = processor.process(part);
               chunks.forEach((c) => subscriber.next(c));
+              if (part.text) {
+                accumulatedText += part.text;
+              }
             }
 
             // Reset error state on successful parse
@@ -317,9 +325,20 @@ export class ProxyService {
 
         const finishChunks = state.emitFinish(lastFinishReason, lastUsageMetadata);
         finishChunks.forEach((c) => subscriber.next(c));
-        const usage = extractUsageFromMetadata(lastUsageMetadata);
+        const usage = this.extractUsageFromMetadata(lastUsageMetadata);
         if (usage) {
-          void this.recordUsage(accountId, _model, usage, 'anthropic');
+          this.recordUsage(accountId, _model, usage, 'anthropic').catch((err) =>
+            this.logger.error('Usage recording failed', err),
+          );
+        } else if (accumulatedText) {
+          const estimated = this.estimateTokens(accumulatedText);
+          this.recordUsage(accountId, _model, {
+            promptTokenCount: 0,
+            candidatesTokenCount: estimated,
+            totalTokenCount: estimated,
+          }, 'anthropic', true).catch((err) =>
+            this.logger.error('Usage recording failed', err),
+          );
         }
         subscriber.complete();
       });
@@ -388,7 +407,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
           extraHeaders,
         );
 
-        await this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'gemini');
+        this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'gemini');
         return this.normalizeGeminiGenerateResponse(response);
       } catch (err) {
         if (err instanceof Error && this.isProjectContextError(err.message)) {
@@ -411,7 +430,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
               token.token.upstream_proxy_url,
               extraHeaders,
             );
-            await this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'gemini');
+            this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'gemini');
             return this.normalizeGeminiGenerateResponse(response);
           } catch (fallbackErr) {
             lastError = fallbackErr;
@@ -538,6 +557,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
       let buffer = '';
       let receivedData = false;
       let lastUsageMetadata: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+      let accumulatedText = '';
 
       upstreamStream.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => {
         receivedData = true;
@@ -549,15 +569,20 @@ export class ProxyService {
           const trimmed = line.trim();
           if (!trimmed.startsWith('data: ')) continue;
           const dataStr = trimmed.slice(6);
-          subscriber.next(`data: ${dataStr}\n\n`);
           if (dataStr === '[DONE]') continue;
           try {
             const parsed = JSON.parse(dataStr);
             if (parsed?.usageMetadata) {
               lastUsageMetadata = parsed.usageMetadata;
             }
+            const text = parsed?.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts?.[0]?.text;
+            if (typeof text === 'string') {
+              accumulatedText += text;
+            }
           } catch { /* ignore */ }
         }
+
+        subscriber.next(chunk.toString());
       });
 
       upstreamStream.on('end', () => {
@@ -565,8 +590,20 @@ export class ProxyService {
           subscriber.error(new Error('Empty response stream'));
           return;
         }
-        if (lastUsageMetadata) {
-          void this.recordUsage(accountId, model, lastUsageMetadata as any, 'gemini');
+        const usage = this.extractUsageFromMetadata(lastUsageMetadata);
+        if (usage) {
+          this.recordUsage(accountId, model, usage, 'gemini').catch((err) =>
+            this.logger.error('Usage recording failed', err),
+          );
+        } else if (accumulatedText) {
+          const estimated = this.estimateTokens(accumulatedText);
+          this.recordUsage(accountId, model, {
+            promptTokenCount: 0,
+            candidatesTokenCount: estimated,
+            totalTokenCount: estimated,
+          }, 'gemini', true).catch((err) =>
+            this.logger.error('Usage recording failed', err),
+          );
         }
         subscriber.complete();
       });
@@ -845,7 +882,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
               extraHeaders,
             );
             trafficLogger.logUpstreamResponse(requestId || 'unknown', '/v1/chat/completions', 200, response, 0);
-            await this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'openai');
+            this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'openai');
             this.logger.log(
               `Upstream response snippet after stream fallback: ${JSON.stringify(response).substring(0, 500)}`,
             );
@@ -866,7 +903,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
           this.logger.log(
             `Upstream response snippet (non-stream): ${JSON.stringify(response).substring(0, 500)}`,
           );
-          await this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'openai');
+          this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'openai');
           // Transform Gemini response to OpenAI format
           const claudeResponse = transformResponse(response);
           this.logger.log(
@@ -904,7 +941,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
               extraHeaders,
             );
             trafficLogger.logUpstreamResponse(requestId || 'unknown', '/v1/chat/completions', 200, response, 0);
-            await this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'openai');
+            this.recordUsage(token.id, effectiveTargetModel, response.usageMetadata, 'openai');
             const claudeResponse = transformResponse(response);
             return this.convertClaudeToOpenAIResponse(claudeResponse, request.model);
           } catch (fallbackErr) {
@@ -1055,6 +1092,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
       let hasSentDone = false;
       let toolCallIndex = 0;
       let lastUsageMetadata: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+      let accumulatedText = '';
 
       const streamId = `chatcmpl-${uuidv4()}`;
       const created = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
@@ -1108,6 +1146,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
 
             for (const part of parts) {
               if (part.thought && part.text) {
+                accumulatedText += part.text;
                 // Reasoning/thinking parts: emit via reasoning_content delta field
                 // so clients that support it can display thinking separately.
                 const reasoningChunk = {
@@ -1183,6 +1222,7 @@ export class ProxyService {
               }
 
               if (part.text) {
+                accumulatedText += part.text;
                 pushRoleChunk();
                 const contentChunk = {
                   id: streamId,
@@ -1253,9 +1293,20 @@ export class ProxyService {
           subscriber.next('data: [DONE]\n\n');
           hasSentDone = true;
         }
-        if (lastUsageMetadata) {
-          // TODO: integrate local tokenizer fallback for missing usageMetadata
-          void this.recordUsage(accountId, effectiveTargetModel, lastUsageMetadata as any, 'openai');
+        const usage = this.extractUsageFromMetadata(lastUsageMetadata);
+        if (usage) {
+          this.recordUsage(accountId, effectiveTargetModel, usage, 'openai').catch((err) =>
+            this.logger.error('Usage recording failed', err),
+          );
+        } else if (accumulatedText) {
+          const estimated = this.estimateTokens(accumulatedText);
+          this.recordUsage(accountId, effectiveTargetModel, {
+            promptTokenCount: 0,
+            candidatesTokenCount: estimated,
+            totalTokenCount: estimated,
+          }, 'openai', true).catch((err) =>
+            this.logger.error('Usage recording failed', err),
+          );
         }
         subscriber.complete();
       });

src/server/modules/usage/token-usage.service.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
 import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { z } from 'zod';
 import { TokenUsageRepo, RecordUsageParams } from '../../../ipc/database/usageHandler';
 
+const RecordUsageInputSchema = z.object({
+  accountId: z.string().min(1),
+  model: z.string().min(1),
+  promptTokens: z.number().min(0),
+  completionTokens: z.number().min(0),
+  totalTokens: z.number().min(0),
+  timestamp: z.number(),
+  requestType: z.enum(['openai', 'anthropic', 'gemini']).optional(),
+  isEstimated: z.boolean().optional(),
+});
+
 @Injectable()
 export class TokenUsageService {
-  async recordUsage(params: RecordUsageParams): Promise<void> {
-    TokenUsageRepo.recordUsage(params);
+  recordUsage(params: RecordUsageParams): boolean {
+    RecordUsageInputSchema.parse(params);
+    return TokenUsageRepo.recordUsage(params);
   }
 
   getUsageByHour(accountId?: string, start?: number, end?: number) {

src/types/db.ts

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ export const TokenUsageRowSchema = z.object({
   total_tokens: z.number(),
   timestamp: z.number(),
   request_type: z.string().nullable(),
+  is_estimated: z.number().nullable(),
 });
 
 export type TokenUsageRow = z.infer<typeof TokenUsageRowSchema>;